Portugal

World Book Index

Introduction

Portugal, a nation steeped in rich maritime history, emerged as a formidable global power during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries. This period marked the zenith of its influence, as Portuguese explorers charted unknown territories and established trade routes that connected Europe to Africa, Asia, and the Americas. However, the country faced significant challenges that led to a decline in its fortunes, including the catastrophic earthquake that devastated Lisbon in 1755, the turmoil of the Napoleonic Wars, and the loss of Brazil, its most prosperous colony, in 1822. Today, Portugal stands as a resilient nation, a founding member of NATO, and a participant in the European Union since 1986, showcasing its commitment to international cooperation and regional stability.

Neighboring countries

Morocco - Spain

Geography

Area
Total: 92,090 sq km
Land: 91,470 sq km
Water: 620 sq km

Portugal is located in the Iberian Peninsula, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south, and sharing a land border with Spain to the east and north. The country's diverse geography features a variety of landscapes, from the rugged mountains of the north to the rolling plains and picturesque beaches of the south. The climate is predominantly maritime temperate, characterized by cool and rainy conditions in the northern regions, while the southern areas enjoy a warmer and drier climate, making it an attractive destination for tourists year-round. The nation is endowed with a wealth of natural resources, including abundant fish stocks, extensive forests primarily composed of cork oak, and various minerals such as iron ore, copper, and gold, which contribute to its economic activities and environmental sustainability.

People and Society

Population
Total: 10,207,177 (2024 estimated)

Ethnic groups
Portuguese 95%; citizens from Portugal’s former colonies in Africa, Asia (Han Chinese), and South America (Brazilian) and other foreign born 5%

Languages
Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official, but locally used)

Religions
Roman Catholic 79.7%, Protestant 2.2%, other Christian 2.5%, other non-Christian, 1.1%, none 14.5% (2021 estimated)

Population growth rate
-0.14% (2024 estimated)

Portugal's population reflects a rich tapestry of cultural influences, primarily stemming from its historical connections with former colonies. The majority of the population identifies as Portuguese, with a small percentage comprising individuals from former colonies in Africa, Asia, and South America. The official language is Portuguese, with Mirandese recognized in certain regions, highlighting the country's linguistic diversity. The predominant religion is Roman Catholicism, which plays a significant role in the cultural and social fabric of the nation. However, a notable portion of the population identifies as non-religious or adheres to other faiths, indicating a gradual shift towards secularism. The population growth rate has seen a slight decline, reflecting broader demographic trends in Europe, including aging populations and emigration.

Government

Government type
Semi-presidential republic

Capital
Name: Lisbon

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (since 9 March 2016)
Head of government: Prime Minister Antonio Luis MONTENEGRO (since 2 April 2024)

Diplomatic representation in the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador Francisco Antonio DUARTE LOPES (since 7 June 2022)

Diplomatic representation from the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador John Joseph ARRIGO (since 30 September 2025)

Portugal operates as a semi-presidential republic, characterized by a dual executive system where the President and Prime Minister share authority. The capital city, Lisbon, serves as the political and administrative heart of the country. The President, currently Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA, holds a significant role in foreign policy and national defense, while the Prime Minister, Antonio Luis MONTENEGRO, oversees the day-to-day operations of the government. This political structure facilitates a balance of power and encourages collaboration between the executive and legislative branches, ensuring that the interests of the Portuguese people are represented effectively on both domestic and international fronts.

Economy

Economic overview
High-income EU and eurozone economy; strong services sector led by tourism and banking; tight labor market; growth driven by private consumption, trade surplus, and public investment from EU funds; declining public debt

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$448.226 billion (2024 estimated)
$439.745 billion (2023 estimated)
$428.547 billion (2022 estimated)

Real GDP per capita
$41,900 (2024 estimated)
$41,600 (2023 estimated)
$41,100 (2022 estimated)

Exports
$144.237 billion (2024 estimated)
$137.934 billion (2023 estimated)
$126.953 billion (2022 estimated)

Exports - partners
Spain 21%, France 11%, Germany 10%, USA 8%, UK 5% (2023)

Exports - commodities
Cars, garments, vehicle parts/accessories, unpackaged medicine, refined petroleum (2023)

Imports
$136.976 billion (2024 estimated)
$133.617 billion (2023 estimated)
$132.193 billion (2022 estimated)

Imports - partners
Spain 33%, Germany 11%, France 7%, Netherlands 5%, China 5% (2023)

Imports - commodities
Cars, crude petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, garments (2023)

Human Development Index

The country's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.890, ranking it 40th out of 193 countries tested. (more information)

World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report ranked the country 47th out of 158 countries tested with a score of 6.257. (more information)