Canada

World Book Index

Introduction

Canada, known for its vast landscapes and multicultural society, became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. The nation is characterized by its commitment to balancing economic development with environmental stewardship, striving to harness its diverse energy resources responsibly. This dual focus on growth and sustainability reflects Canada's broader values and aspirations as it navigates the complexities of the modern world.

Neighboring country

United States

Geography

Area
Total: 9,984,670 sq km
Land: 9,093,507 sq km
Water: 891,163 sq km

Climate
Canada's climate varies significantly, transitioning from temperate conditions in the south to subarctic and arctic climates in the northern regions. This diversity in climate contributes to the country's rich biodiversity and influences its agricultural and economic activities.

Natural resources
Canada is endowed with a wealth of natural resources, including bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, and hydropower. These resources play a crucial role in the country's economy and are integral to its trade relationships.

People and Society

Population
Total: 38,794,813 (2024 estimated)

Ethnic groups
The population is ethnically diverse, comprising Canadian 15.6%, English 14.7%, Scottish 12.1%, French 11%, Irish 12.1%, German 8.1%, Chinese 4.7%, Italian 4.3%, First Nations 1.7%, Indian 3.7%, Ukrainian 3.5%, and Metis 1.5% (2021 estimated). This mosaic of cultures contributes to Canada's rich social fabric and influences its national identity.

Languages
English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 estimated). The bilingual nature of Canada, particularly in its official languages, reflects its historical ties and cultural diversity, fostering a unique environment for communication and interaction.

Religions
The religious landscape is predominantly Christian 53.3%, followed by Muslim 4.9%, Hindu 2.3%, Sikh 2.1%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.9%, Traditional (North American Indigenous) 0.2%, other religions and traditional spirituality 0.6%, and none 34.6% (2021 estimated). This diversity in beliefs highlights the pluralistic nature of Canadian society.

Population growth rate
0.71% (2024 estimated). This growth rate indicates a steady increase in population, influenced by factors such as immigration and natural growth, which contribute to the dynamic nature of Canadian society.

Government

Government type
Canada operates as a federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy, functioning as a Commonwealth realm. The distribution of powers and responsibilities between federal and state authorities is meticulously regulated in the constitution, ensuring a balance of governance.

Capital
Name: Ottawa

Executive branch
Chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 26 July 2021).
Head of government: Prime Minister Mark CARNEY (since 14 March 2025).

Diplomatic representation in the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador Kirsten HILLMAN (since 17 July 2020).

Diplomatic representation from the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador Pete HOEKSTRA (since 29 April 2025).

Economy

Economic overview
Canada boasts a high-income economy and stands as the second-largest trading partner of the United States. The economy is significantly supported by key industries such as timber, oil, and gas. However, it faces challenges including trade uncertainties and weak business investments, which have contributed to an economic slowdown. Additionally, the country grapples with high and growing public debt, while inflation, although moderating, remains above the target range.

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$2.341 trillion (2024 estimated)
$2.305 trillion (2023 estimated)
$2.271 trillion (2022 estimated)

Real GDP per capita
$56,700 (2024 estimated)
$57,500 (2023 estimated)
$58,300 (2022 estimated)

Exports
$727.831 billion (2024 estimated)
$724.754 billion (2023 estimated)
$743.782 billion (2022 estimated)

Exports - partners
USA 71%, China 5%, UK 3%, Japan 2%, Mexico 2% (2023). The overwhelming reliance on the United States for exports underscores the importance of this bilateral relationship for Canada's economic health.

Exports - commodities
Crude petroleum, cars, gold, natural gas, refined petroleum (2023). These commodities are vital to Canada's trade profile and reflect its resource-rich economy.

Imports
$733.778 billion (2024 estimated)
$723.399 billion (2023 estimated)
$731.058 billion (2022 estimated)

Imports - partners
USA 51%, China 11%, Mexico 6%, Germany 3%, Japan 3% (2023). The import profile highlights Canada's dependence on the US market, alongside significant trade with other global partners.

Imports - commodities
Cars, trucks, vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, crude petroleum (2023). The composition of imports indicates a strong demand for automotive and energy products, which are essential for both consumer and industrial needs.

Human Development Index

The country's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.939, ranking it 16th out of 193 countries tested. (more information)

World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report ranked the country 60th out of 158 countries tested with a score of 5.977. (more information)