Eswatini

World Book Index

Introduction

The Kingdom of Eswatini, formerly known as Swaziland, has a rich history that dates back to the mid-18th century when it was established as a Swazi kingdom. The region was administered as a UK territory from 1903 until it gained independence in 1968. In 2005, the country adopted a constitution that introduced limited political reforms, reflecting a gradual shift towards modernization. In a significant move to assert its cultural identity, Swaziland officially changed its name to the Kingdom of Eswatini in 2018, marking a new chapter in its national narrative.

Neighboring countries

Mozambique - South Africa

Geography

Area
Total: 17,364 sq km
Land: 17,204 sq km
Water: 160 sq km

Eswatini is a landlocked country situated in the southern part of Africa, bordered by South Africa to the west, north, and south, and Mozambique to the east. The country's diverse geography features mountainous regions, rolling hills, and valleys, contributing to its varied climate, which ranges from tropical in the lowlands to near temperate in the highlands. This geographical diversity not only shapes the natural beauty of Eswatini but also influences its agricultural practices and resource management.

Natural resources
Eswatini is endowed with a variety of natural resources, including asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, and small deposits of gold and diamonds. The presence of these resources plays a crucial role in the country's economy, providing opportunities for development and investment, while also posing challenges related to environmental sustainability and resource management.

People and Society

Population
Total: 1,138,089 (2024 estimated)

Eswatini's population is predominantly Swazi, with a rich cultural heritage that is deeply rooted in traditions and customs. Alongside the Swazi, there are smaller populations of other African ethnic groups, including the Zulu, as well as individuals of European ancestry. The country is characterized by a vibrant social fabric, where community ties and cultural practices play a significant role in daily life.

Languages
The official languages of Eswatini are English and siSwati, with English being primarily used for government and official business. This bilingualism reflects the country's colonial history and its efforts to maintain cultural identity through the use of siSwati in everyday communication.

Religions
The religious landscape of Eswatini is predominantly Christian, with approximately 90% of the population identifying as such. Among Christians, there is a significant presence of Zionist beliefs, which blend traditional African religions with Christianity. Other denominations include Roman Catholic and various Protestant groups. Additionally, there is a small Muslim community and other religious groups, including Baha'i, Buddhist, Hindu, indigenous beliefs, and Jewish faiths, showcasing the country's religious diversity. The population growth rate stands at 0.7% (2024 estimated), indicating a gradual increase in the number of inhabitants.

Government

Government type
Absolute monarchy

Eswatini operates under an absolute monarchy, where the King holds significant power over the state. The capital city is Mbabane, which serves as the administrative center, while Lobamba is recognized as the royal and legislative capital. The current chief of state is King MSWATI III, who has been in power since April 25, 1986. The head of government is Prime Minister Russell DLAMINI, who assumed office on November 6, 2023. This political structure reflects the traditional governance systems of the Swazi people, intertwined with modern state functions.

Diplomatic representation in the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador Kennedy Fitzgerald GROENING (7 June 2022)

Diplomatic representation from the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant) Chargé d’Affaires Marc WEINSTOCK (since August 2025)

Economy

Economic overview
Eswatini's economy is characterized as landlocked and heavily reliant on trade with South Africa, which significantly influences its economic stability. The country is a member of both the Common Monetary Area (CMA) and the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), which facilitates trade and economic cooperation in the region. However, the economy has faced challenges, including a slowdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, rising inflation in utilities, and persistent issues of poverty and unemployment. The impact of HIV/AIDS on the labor force further complicates economic recovery efforts.

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$12.885 billion (2024 estimated)
$12.553 billion (2023 estimated)
$12.135 billion (2022 estimated)

Real GDP per capita
$10,400 (2024 estimated)
$10,200 (2023 estimated)
$10,000 (2022 estimated)

Exports
$2.174 billion (2023 estimated)
$2.095 billion (2022 estimated)
$2.132 billion (2021 estimated)

Exports - partners
South Africa 61%, Ireland 4%, Mozambique 4%, Kenya 4%, Nigeria 3% (2023)

Exports - commodities
Scented mixtures, raw sugar, industrial acids/oils/alcohols, garments, wood (2023)

Imports
$2.351 billion (2023 estimated)
$2.288 billion (2022 estimated)
$2.173 billion (2021 estimated)

Imports - partners
South Africa 71%, China 8%, India 4%, USA 2%, Mozambique 1% (2023)

Imports - commodities
Refined petroleum, electricity, plastic products, cotton fabric, garments (2023)

Human Development Index

The country's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.695, ranking it 126th out of 193 countries tested. (more information)

World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report ranked the country 143th out of 158 countries tested with a score of 3.774. (more information)