Nigeria

World Book Index

Introduction

Nigeria, the most populous nation in Africa, emerged from colonial rule to gain independence from Britain in 1960. The subsequent adoption of a new constitution in 1999 marked a significant milestone, facilitating a transition to civilian governance after years of military rule. Today, Nigeria grapples with the complex challenge of entrenching democratic principles while simultaneously addressing the pressing need for economic reform, particularly within its heavily oil-dependent economy. The persistent issues of corruption and crime further complicate these efforts, underscoring the resilience required to navigate the path toward sustainable development and governance.

Neighboring countries

Benin - Cameroon - Chad - Niger

Geography

Area
Total: 923,768 sq km
Land: 910,768 sq km
Water: 13,000 sq km

Climate
Nigeria's climate is characterized by significant variation, with an equatorial climate in the southern regions, a tropical climate in the central areas, and arid conditions prevailing in the northern parts of the country. This diversity in climate contributes to the rich ecological tapestry of Nigeria, influencing both its agriculture and lifestyle.

Natural resources
The country is endowed with a wealth of natural resources, including natural gas, petroleum, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc, and extensive arable land. These resources play a crucial role in Nigeria's economy and development trajectory, providing both opportunities and challenges in terms of sustainable management and exploitation.

People and Society

Population
Total: 236,747,130 (2024 estimated)

Ethnic groups
Nigeria is a mosaic of ethnic diversity, with the largest groups being Hausa (30%), Yoruba (15.5%), and Igbo (15.2%). Other significant ethnic communities include the Fulani (6%), Tiv (2.4%), Kanuri/Beriberi (2.4%), Ibibio (1.8%), and Ijaw/Izon (1.8%), alongside a variety of other groups that make up 24.9% of the population (2018 estimated). This rich ethnic tapestry contributes to the cultural vibrancy of the nation but also presents challenges in terms of national unity and governance.

Languages
The official language is English, reflecting Nigeria's colonial history, but the country is also home to a multitude of languages, including Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), and Fulani, among over 500 additional indigenous languages. This linguistic diversity is a testament to Nigeria's rich cultural heritage and plays a vital role in the daily lives of its citizens.

Religions
The religious landscape of Nigeria is equally diverse, with Muslims constituting 53.5% of the population, Roman Catholics making up 10.6%, and other Christian denominations accounting for 35.3%. A small percentage (0.6%) adheres to other religions (2018 estimated). This religious plurality is a significant aspect of Nigeria's identity, influencing social dynamics and political discourse.

Population growth rate
2.52% (2024 estimated)

Government

Government type
Nigeria operates as a federal presidential republic, a system that allows for a division of powers between the national and state governments.

Capital
Name: Abuja

Executive branch
The chief of state and head of government is President Bola Ahmed Adekunle TINUBU, who has been in office since 29 May 2023. His administration is tasked with navigating the complexities of governance in a nation marked by both potential and challenges.

Diplomatic representation in the US
The chief of mission is currently an Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Samson Sunday ITEGBOJE has been serving since 22 October 2024.

Diplomatic representation from the US
The chief of mission is Ambassador Richard MILLS, Jr., who has been in position since 25 July 2024.

Economy

Economic overview
Nigeria boasts the largest market economy in Africa, characterized by a vast but predominantly lower middle-income labor force. As a major oil exporter, the economy is heavily reliant on energy prices, which can lead to volatility. The telecommunications and finance sectors are key components of the economy, driving growth and innovation. Additionally, Nigeria is recognized as a regional leader in critical infrastructure development, although a significant portion of the workforce remains engaged in agrarian employment, highlighting the need for diversification and sustainable economic practices.

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$1.318 trillion (2024 estimated)
$1.275 trillion (2023 estimated)
$1.239 trillion (2022 estimated)

Real GDP per capita
$5,700 (2024 estimated)
$5,600 (2023 estimated)
$5,600 (2022 estimated)

Exports
$57.536 billion (2024 estimated)
$60.261 billion (2023 estimated)
$69.091 billion (2022 estimated)

Exports - partners
USA 10%, Spain 9%, France 8%, Netherlands 7%, India 6% (2023)

Exports - commodities
The primary commodities exported include crude petroleum, natural gas, gold, fertilizers, and cocoa beans (2023).

Imports
$57.73 billion (2024 estimated)
$65.423 billion (2023 estimated)
$77.049 billion (2022 estimated)

Imports - partners
China 26%, Singapore 14%, Belgium 8%, India 6%, USA 4% (2023)

Imports - commodities
Key imports consist of refined petroleum, tanks and armored vehicles, wheat, plastics, and cars (2023).

Human Development Index

The country's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.560, ranking it 164th out of 193 countries tested. (more information)

World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report ranked the country 116th out of 158 countries tested with a score of 4.548. (more information)