Chile

World Book Index

Introduction

Chile, a country located on the western edge of South America, boasts a rich history shaped by its indigenous cultures and colonial past. Before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, the Inca Empire dominated the northern regions, while the resilient Mapuche people thrived in the central and southern areas. Following its declaration of independence in 1810, Chile faced a protracted struggle against Spanish rule, culminating in a decisive victory in 1818. Today, Chile stands as a beacon of stability and democracy in the region, playing an increasingly prominent role in both regional and international affairs, reflecting its commitment to progressive governance and economic development.

Neighboring countries

Argentina - Bolivia - Peru

Geography

Area
Total: 756,102 sq km
Land: 743,812 sq km
Water: 12,290 sq km

Chile's geography is characterized by its long, narrow shape that stretches over 4,300 kilometers along the Pacific coast, making it one of the longest north-south countries in the world. The diverse topography includes the arid Atacama Desert in the north, which is one of the driest places on Earth, transitioning to a Mediterranean climate in the central region, known for its fertile valleys and wine production. The southern part of the country features a cooler and damp climate, with lush forests and a rugged coastline. This geographical diversity not only influences the climate but also contributes to a rich array of natural resources, including copper, timber, and hydropower, which play a vital role in the nation's economy.

People and Society

Population
Total: 18,664,652 (2024 estimated)

Ethnic groups
White and non-Indigenous 88.9%, Mapuche 9.1%, Aymara 0.7%, other Indigenous groups 1% (includes Rapa Nui, Likan Antai, Quechua, Colla, Diaguita, Kawesqar, Yagan or Yamana), unspecified 0.3% (2012 estimated)

Languages
Spanish 99.5% (official), English 10.2%, Indigenous 1% (includes Mapudungun, Aymara, Quechua, Rapa Nui), other 2.3%, unspecified 0.2% (2012 estimated)

Religions
Catholic 57%, none 25.7%, Evangelical or Protestant 16.2%, other Christians and traditions related to Christ 1.3%; less than 1%: Buddhist, Catholic Orthodox, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Islam, Judaism, other religions, no religion (2024)

Population growth rate
0.61% (2024 estimated)

Chile's population is a vibrant tapestry of cultures, with a significant majority identifying as White and non-Indigenous, alongside a notable presence of Indigenous groups, particularly the Mapuche. This demographic composition reflects the country's complex history of colonization and cultural integration. Spanish is the predominant language, serving as a unifying medium for communication, while English is increasingly spoken, particularly among the younger population. The religious landscape is diverse, with a majority identifying as Catholic, but a growing number of individuals identifying as non-religious or adhering to various Protestant denominations. The population growth rate, although modest, indicates a stable demographic trend, contributing to the country's social and economic dynamics.

Government

Government type
Presidential republic

Capital
Name: Santiago; note - Valparaiso is the seat of the national legislature

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Gabriel BORIC (since 11 March 2022)
Head of government: President Gabriel BORIC (since 11 March 2022)

Diplomatic representation in the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador Juan Gabriel VALDES Soublette (since 7 June 2022)

Diplomatic representation from the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Richard T. (Rick) YONEOKA (since January 2025)

Chile operates as a presidential republic, where the President serves as both the head of state and government. The capital city, Santiago, is the political and administrative heart of the nation, while Valparaiso holds the distinction of being the seat of the national legislature. Under the leadership of President Gabriel Boric, who took office in March 2022, the government has focused on addressing social inequalities and promoting democratic values. Chile's diplomatic relations, particularly with the United States, are managed through its ambassador, reflecting the importance of international partnerships in advancing national interests.

Economy

Economic overview
Export-driven economy; leading copper producer; though hit by COVID-19, fairly quick rebound from increased liquidity and rapid vaccine rollouts; decreasing poverty but still lingering inequality; public debt rising but still manageable; recent political violence has had negative economic consequences

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$596.556 billion (2024 estimated)
$581.187 billion (2023 estimated)
$578.173 billion (2022 estimated)

Real GDP per capita
$30,200 (2024 estimated)
$29,600 (2023 estimated)
$29,600 (2022 estimated)

Exports
$111.123 billion (2024 estimated)
$103.256 billion (2023 estimated)
$107.039 billion (2022 estimated)

Exports - partners
China 39%, USA 16%, Japan 7%, S. Korea 6%, Brazil 4% (2023)

Exports - commodities
Copper ore, refined copper, fish, carbonates, pitted fruits (2023)

Imports
$99.239 billion (2024 estimated)
$100.082 billion (2023 estimated)
$118.928 billion (2022 estimated)

Imports - partners
China 23%, USA 20%, Brazil 10%, Argentina 7%, Germany 5% (2023)

Imports - commodities
Refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars, garments, trucks (2023)

Chile's economy is primarily export-driven, with a strong emphasis on its status as the world's leading copper producer. The economic landscape has shown resilience, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, where rapid vaccine rollouts and increased liquidity facilitated a swift recovery. Despite progress in reducing poverty levels, challenges remain, particularly in addressing social inequality. The public debt has been on the rise, yet it remains within manageable limits, allowing for continued investment in key sectors. Recent political unrest has posed challenges to economic stability, highlighting the need for ongoing reforms and dialogue to ensure sustainable growth. The country's trade relationships are robust, with China being the largest export partner, followed by the United States and Japan, underscoring the importance of international markets in driving economic performance.

Human Development Index

The country's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.878, ranking it 45th out of 193 countries tested. (more information)

World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report ranked the country 39th out of 158 countries tested with a score of 6.36. (more information)