Argentina

World Book Index

Introduction

In 1816, the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata declared their independence from Spain, marking a significant turning point in South American history. Following the departure of Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay, the territory that remained was named Argentina. The country has since evolved into a vibrant nation, heavily influenced by waves of European immigration, particularly from Spain and Italy, which have profoundly shaped its cultural landscape, traditions, and societal norms. Today, Argentina stands as a testament to the fusion of diverse heritages, making it a unique and dynamic country in the Southern Hemisphere.

Neighboring countries

Bolivia - Brazil - Chile - Paraguay - Uruguay

Geography

Area
Total: 2,780,400 sq km
Land: 2,736,690 sq km
Water: 43,710 sq km

Argentina is the eighth largest country in the world, showcasing a diverse geography that ranges from the Andes mountains in the west to the vast plains of the Pampas in the central region. The country's climate is predominantly temperate, with variations that include arid conditions in the southeast and subantarctic climates in the southwest. This geographical diversity contributes to Argentina's rich natural resources, which include fertile plains ideal for agriculture, as well as significant deposits of lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, and uranium. The combination of these factors positions Argentina as a key player in both regional and global contexts.

People and Society

Population
Total: 46,994,384 (2024 estimated)

Ethnic groups
European (mostly Spanish and Italian descent) and Mestizo (mixed European and Indigenous ancestry) 97.2%, Indigenous 2.4%, African descent 0.4% (2010 estimated)

Languages
Spanish (official), Italian, English, German, French, indigenous (Quechua, Guarani, Mapudungun)

Religions
Roman Catholic 62.9%, Evangelical 15.3% (Pentecostal 13%, other Evangelical 2.3%), Jehovah's Witness and Church of Jesus Christ 1.4%, other 1.2% (includes Muslim, Jewish), none 18.9% (includes agnostic and atheist), unspecified 0.3% (2019 estimated)

Population growth rate
0.79% (2024 estimated)

Argentina's population is characterized by a rich tapestry of ethnic backgrounds, with a predominant European influence, particularly from Spanish and Italian ancestry. This diverse demographic landscape is complemented by a small but significant Indigenous population and individuals of African descent. The official language is Spanish, reflecting the country's colonial history, while various other languages are spoken, including indigenous tongues. The religious landscape is similarly diverse, with Roman Catholicism being the most widely practiced faith, followed by a growing number of Evangelicals. The population growth rate, although modest, indicates a stable demographic trend, contributing to the country's social dynamics and cultural evolution.

Government

Government type
Presidential republic

Capital
Name: Buenos Aires

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Javier Gerardo MILEI (since 10 December 2023)
Head of government: President Javier Gerardo MILEI (since 10 December 2023)

Diplomatic representation in the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador Alejandro (Alec) Carlos Francisco OXENFORD (since 11 June 2025)

Diplomatic representation from the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Heidi Gómez RÁPALO (since 11 July 2025)

Argentina operates as a presidential republic, where the President serves as both the head of state and head of government. The capital city, Buenos Aires, is not only the political hub but also a cultural epicenter of the nation. The current administration, led by President Javier Gerardo MILEI since December 2023, faces the challenges of governance in a complex political landscape. Diplomatic relations, particularly with the United States, are managed through appointed ambassadors, reflecting Argentina's commitment to maintaining international partnerships and fostering bilateral cooperation.

Economy

Economic overview
Argentina boasts a large and diversified economy, characterized by its rich natural resources and a strong agricultural sector. However, the country faces significant financial risks stemming from debt obligations, rapid inflation, and fluctuating investor appetites. The economy is primarily export-led, with increasing trade relations with China playing a crucial role in its growth. As a member of both the G20 and the Organization of American States (OAS), Argentina holds a prominent position in international economic discussions. Nonetheless, there is a notable tendency towards the nationalization of businesses and challenges in accurately reporting inflation rates, which complicates the economic landscape.

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$1.213 trillion (2024 estimated)
$1.234 trillion (2023 estimated)
$1.255 trillion (2022 estimated)

Real GDP per capita
$26,500 (2024 estimated)
$27,100 (2023 estimated)
$27,600 (2022 estimated)

Exports
$96.899 billion (2024 estimated)
$82.947 billion (2023 estimated)
$102.928 billion (2022 estimated)

Exports - partners
Brazil 18%, USA 9%, Chile 8%, China 8%, India 4% (2023)

Exports - commodities
soybean meal, corn, trucks, soybean oil, crude petroleum (2023)

Imports
$79.999 billion (2024 estimated)
$92.3 billion (2023 estimated)
$97.399 billion (2022 estimated)

Imports - partners
Brazil 23%, China 20%, USA 12%, Paraguay 5%, Germany 4% (2023)

Imports - commodities
soybeans, vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, natural gas, cars (2023)

Human Development Index

The country's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.865, ranking it 47th out of 193 countries tested. (more information)

World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report ranked the country 33rd out of 158 countries tested with a score of 6.469. (more information)