Ghana

World Book Index

Introduction

Ghana, a beacon of hope and progress in West Africa, made history in 1957 by becoming the first Sub-Saharan nation to achieve independence from colonial rule. This milestone not only marked a significant turning point for Ghana but also inspired other nations across the continent to pursue self-determination. Today, Ghana is characterized by a youthful demographic, with approximately 57% of its population under the age of 25, reflecting a vibrant and dynamic society poised for future growth and development.

Neighboring countries

Burkina Faso - Cote d'Ivoire - Togo

Geography

Area
Total: 238,533 sq km
Land: 227,533 sq km
Water: 11,000 sq km

Ghana is strategically located along the Gulf of Guinea, offering a diverse landscape that ranges from coastal plains to forested hills and savannahs. The country's climate is predominantly tropical, with a warm and comparatively dry environment along the southeast coast, while the southwest experiences hot and humid conditions. In contrast, the northern regions are characterized by a hot and dry climate. Ghana is endowed with a wealth of natural resources, including gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, and limestone, which play a crucial role in its economic development and sustainability.

People and Society

Population
Total: 34,589,092 (2024 estimated)

Ghana is a melting pot of cultures, with a rich tapestry of ethnic groups that contribute to its vibrant society. The major ethnic groups include Akan (45.7%), Mole-Dagbani (18.5%), Ewe (12.8%), Ga-Dangme (7.1%), Gurma (6.4%), Guan (3.2%), Grusi (2.7%), Mande (2%), and other groups making up 1.6% (2021 estimated). This diversity is mirrored in the linguistic landscape, where Asante (16%), Ewe (14%), and Fante (11.6%) are among the most spoken languages. The religious composition is predominantly Christian (71.3%), followed by Muslims (19.9%) and traditionalists (3.2%). The population growth rate stands at 2.15% (2024 estimated), indicating a youthful and expanding demographic that presents both opportunities and challenges for the nation.

Government

Government type
Presidential republic

Capital
Name: Accra

Ghana operates as a presidential republic, where the President serves as both the chief of state and head of government. Currently, President John Dramani MAHAMA has been in office since 7 January 2025, leading the nation through various political and economic challenges. The country maintains diplomatic relations with the United States, represented by Ambassador Victor Emmanuel SMITH since 19 September 2025, while the U.S. mission in Ghana is currently headed by Chargé d’Affaires Rolf OLSON since 29 May 2025.

Economy

Economic overview
Ghana's economy is classified as a West African lower-middle-income economy, distinguished by its role as a major exporter of gold, oil, and cocoa. Despite nearly four decades of sustained economic growth, the country faces macroeconomic challenges that necessitate ongoing reforms. Recent efforts have focused on debt restructuring, fiscal reforms, and achieving financial stability, particularly under the 2023-26 IMF credit facility program. These initiatives aim to curb runaway inflation and foster sustainable economic growth.

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$243.124 billion (2024 estimated)
$230.046 billion (2023 estimated)
$223.043 billion (2022 estimated)

Real GDP per capita
$7,100 (2024 estimated)
$6,800 (2023 estimated)
$6,700 (2022 estimated)

Exports
$25.365 billion (2023 estimated)
$25.52 billion (2022 estimated)
$23.901 billion (2021 estimated)

Exports - partners
Switzerland 24%, UAE 18%, India 8%, South Africa 7%, China 7% (2023)

Exports - commodities
Gold, crude petroleum, cocoa beans, manganese ore, cocoa paste (2023)

Imports
$26.024 billion (2023 estimated)
$26.329 billion (2022 estimated)
$25.967 billion (2021 estimated)

Imports - partners
China 30%, Netherlands 8%, India 5%, USA 5%, Russia 5% (2023)

Imports - commodities
Refined petroleum, cars, plastics, plastic products, footwear (2023)

Human Development Index

The country's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.628, ranking it 143rd out of 193 countries tested. (more information)

World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report ranked the country 127th out of 158 countries tested with a score of 4.34. (more information)