Romania

World Book Index

Introduction

Romania, a country steeped in history and cultural richness, emerged from the shadows of the Ottoman Empire in the mid-19th century. The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, having secured their autonomy in 1856, united in 1862 to form the modern state of Romania. This transformation marked the beginning of a new era for the nation, which has since navigated a complex geopolitical landscape. Romania's integration into NATO in 2004 and the European Union in 2007 reflects its commitment to democratic values and economic development. The recent accession to the Schengen Area in 2024 signifies Romania's growing importance in European affairs and its dedication to fostering regional stability and cooperation.

Neighboring countries

Bulgaria - Hungary - Moldova - Serbia - Ukraine

Geography

Area
Total: 238,391 sq km
Land: 229,891 sq km
Water: 8,500 sq km

Romania is strategically located in Southeastern Europe, bordered by the Black Sea to the east and sharing land borders with five countries: Bulgaria, Hungary, Moldova, Serbia, and Ukraine. The diverse geography includes the Carpathian Mountains, which traverse the center of the country, and the Danube River, one of Europe's major waterways, which forms part of its southern border. The climate is temperate, characterized by cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog, and sunny summers often accompanied by showers and thunderstorms. Romania is endowed with a variety of natural resources, including declining petroleum reserves, timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, and hydropower potential, which play a crucial role in its economic landscape.

People and Society

Population
Total: 18,148,155 (2024 estimated)

Ethnic groups
Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Romani 3.4%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 estimated)

Languages
Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 estimated)

Religions
Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 estimated)

Population growth rate
-0.94% (2024 estimated)

Romania's population reflects a rich tapestry of ethnic diversity, with Romanians constituting the majority at 89.3%. The Hungarian minority, primarily located in Transylvania, represents a significant cultural presence, while the Romani community adds to the country's multicultural identity. The official language is Romanian, spoken by the vast majority, with Hungarian and Romani also recognized in certain regions. The predominant religion is Romanian Orthodox, which plays a vital role in the cultural and social life of the country. However, Romania faces demographic challenges, including a declining population growth rate of -0.94%, which raises concerns about the sustainability of its workforce and social systems in the coming years.

Government

Government type
Semi-presidential republic

Capital
Name: Bucharest

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Nicușor DAN (since 26 May 2025)
Head of government: Prime Minister Ilie BOLOJAN (since 23 June 2005)

Diplomatic representation in the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador Dan-Andrei MURARU (since 15 September 2021)

Diplomatic representation from the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Michael L. DICKERSON (since 20 May 2025)

Romania operates as a semi-presidential republic, where the President and Prime Minister share executive powers. The capital city, Bucharest, serves as the political and cultural heart of the nation. The current President, Nicușor DAN, took office in May 2025, while Prime Minister Ilie BOLOJAN has been in office since June 2005, reflecting a degree of political stability. Romania maintains diplomatic relations with various countries, including a significant representation in the United States, where Ambassador Dan-Andrei MURARU has been serving since 2021. The political landscape is characterized by a commitment to democratic governance, although challenges such as political instability and public discontent can arise.

Economy

Economic overview
High-income, EU-member economy; euro membership delayed over macroeconomic indicators; persistent inflation, but consumption and EU-funded investments driving recovery; skilled labor shortage; high public debt and budget deficit; challenges include fiscal sustainability and political instability

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$774.376 billion (2024 estimated)
$768.126 billion (2023 estimated)
$750.091 billion (2022 estimated)

Real GDP per capita
$40,600 (2024 estimated)
$40,300 (2023 estimated)
$39,400 (2022 estimated)

Exports
$136.253 billion (2024 estimated)
$136.488 billion (2023 estimated)
$129.286 billion (2022 estimated)

Exports - partners
Germany 19%, Italy 10%, France 6%, UK 5%, Hungary 4% (2023)

Exports - commodities
Cars, vehicle parts/accessories, insulated wire, garments, wheat (2023)

Imports
$159.575 billion (2024 estimated)
$153.427 billion (2023 estimated)
$149.209 billion (2022 estimated)

Imports - partners
Germany 19%, Italy 8%, Hungary 6%, Poland 6%, China 6% (2023)

Imports - commodities
Vehicle parts/accessories, packaged medicine, cars, crude petroleum, plastic products (2023)

Human Development Index

The country's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.845, ranking it 55th out of 193 countries tested. (more information)

World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report ranked the country 7th out of 158 countries tested with a score of 7.302. (more information)