Austria

World Book Index

Introduction

Austria, a landlocked country in Central Europe, boasts a rich historical tapestry that has shaped its identity. Once the heart of the vast Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria's significance diminished following its defeat in World War I, leading to its establishment as a small republic. The State Treaty of 1955 marked a pivotal moment, restoring Austria's sovereignty after a prolonged period of Allied occupation. This treaty not only affirmed Austria's independence but also enshrined a policy of neutrality that has prevented its membership in NATO. However, Austria embraced European integration by joining the European Union in 1995, positioning itself as a vital player in European affairs while maintaining its unique cultural heritage.

Neighboring countries

Czechia - Germany - Hungary - Italy - Liechtenstein - Slovakia - Slovenia - Switzerland

Geography

Area
Total: 83,871 sq km
Land: 82,445 sq km
Water: 1,426 sq km

Austria is characterized by its diverse topography, which includes the majestic Alps dominating the western and southern regions, while the eastern part features rolling hills and fertile plains. This geographical diversity contributes to a temperate climate, with continental influences leading to cold winters marked by frequent precipitation, including rain in the lowlands and snow in the mountainous areas. Summers are generally moderate, occasionally interrupted by showers. The country is endowed with a variety of natural resources, including oil, coal, lignite, timber, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, magnesite, tungsten, graphite, salt, and hydropower, which play a crucial role in its economy and energy production.

People and Society

Population
Total: 8,967,982 (2024 estimated)

Ethnic groups
Austrian 80.8%, German 2.6%, Bosnian and Herzegovinian 1.9%, Turkish 1.8%, Serbian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, other 10% (2018 estimated)

Languages
German (official nationwide) 88.6%, Turkish 2.3%, Serbian 2.2%, Croatian (official in Burgenland) 1.6%, other (includes Slovene, official in southern Carinthia, and Hungarian, official in Burgenland) 5.3% (2001 estimated)

Religions
Roman Catholic 55.2%, Muslim 8.3%, Orthodox 4.9%, Evangelical Christian 3.8%, Jewish 0.1%, other 5.4%, none 22.4% (2021 estimated)

Population growth rate
0.3% (2024 estimated)

Austria's population is predominantly Austrian, with a significant minority of ethnic Germans and other groups, reflecting its historical connections and migration patterns. The official language is German, which is spoken by the vast majority, while several minority languages are also present, showcasing the country's cultural diversity. The religious landscape is primarily Roman Catholic, but there is a notable presence of Muslims and other faiths, indicating a growing pluralism in society. The population growth rate remains modest, influenced by factors such as immigration and demographic trends, including an aging population.

Government

Government type
Federal parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Vienna

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Alexander VAN DER BELLEN (since 26 January 2017)
Head of government: Chancellor Christian STOCKER (since 3 March 2025)

Diplomatic representation in the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador Petra SCHNEEBAUER (since 19 APRIL 2023)

Diplomatic representation from the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Kami A. WITMER (since 20 January 2025)

Austria operates as a federal parliamentary republic, with a clear separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The capital city, Vienna, serves as the political and cultural heart of the nation. The President acts as the head of state, while the Chancellor, as the head of government, oversees the administration. Austria's diplomatic relations are robust, with active representation in the United States, reflecting its commitment to international cooperation and engagement.

Economy

Economic overview
Austria stands out as one of the strongest economies within the European Union and the eurozone, characterized by a diversified trade portfolio and robust international relations. The country has developed an enormous trade economy, heavily reliant on exports. While Austria has historically depended on Russian energy supplies, it is increasingly investing in alternative energy sources to enhance energy security. The labor force is aging, presenting challenges, but the influx of a large refugee population has contributed to the workforce. However, the nation faces significant government debt, which poses potential risks to its economic stability.

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$581.131 billion (2024 estimated)
$588.031 billion (2023 estimated)
$593.701 billion (2022 estimated)

Real GDP per capita
$63,300 (2024 estimated)
$64,400 (2023 estimated)
$65,700 (2022 estimated)

Exports
$299.366 billion (2024 estimated)
$303.914 billion (2023 estimated)
$291.804 billion (2022 estimated)

Exports - partners
Germany 25%, USA 9%, Italy 7%, Switzerland 5%, Hungary 4% (2023)

Exports - commodities
Cars, packaged medicine, vaccines, vehicle parts/accessories, nitrogen compounds (2023)

Imports
$284.467 billion (2024 estimated)
$293.692 billion (2023 estimated)
$294.324 billion (2022 estimated)

Imports - partners
Germany 34%, China 7%, Italy 7%, Switzerland 5%, Czechia 4% (2023)

Imports - commodities
Cars, garments, vaccines, vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum (2023)

Human Development Index

The country's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.930, ranking it 22nd out of 193 countries tested. (more information)

World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report ranked the country 12th out of 158 countries tested with a score of 7.029. (more information)