Switzerland

World Book Index

Introduction

The Swiss Confederation, a remarkable entity in the heart of Europe, was established in 1291 as a defensive alliance among three cantons. Over the centuries, this alliance expanded as additional localities joined, forming a unique and cohesive nation. Switzerland's journey towards independence was marked by its successful assertion of sovereignty from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499. The country has long been recognized for its commitment to neutrality, a principle that has allowed it to maintain its independence and stability amidst the tumultuous events of European history, including both World Wars. Today, Switzerland stands as a symbol of peace and diplomacy, renowned for its humanitarian efforts and as a host for international organizations.

Neighboring countries

Austria - France - Germany - Italy - Liechtenstein

Geography

Area
Total: 41,277 sq km
Land: 39,997 sq km
Water: 1,280 sq km

Switzerland's geography is characterized by its diverse landscapes, which include the majestic Alps and rolling hills. The country covers a total area of 41,277 square kilometers, with approximately 39,997 square kilometers of land and 1,280 square kilometers of water bodies. The temperate climate varies significantly with altitude, leading to cold, cloudy, and snowy winters, while summers are cool to warm, often humid, and occasionally marked by showers. This climatic diversity contributes to the rich biodiversity and natural beauty of the region. Switzerland is endowed with substantial natural resources, particularly its hydropower potential, which plays a crucial role in its energy production, alongside timber and salt, which are also significant to its economy.

People and Society

Population
Total: 8,860,574 (2024 estimated)

Ethnic groups
Swiss 69.2%, German 4.2%, Italian 3.2%, Portuguese 2.5%, French 2.1%, Kosovan 1.1%, Turkish 1%, other 16.7% (2020 estimated)

Languages
German (or Swiss German) (official) 62.1%, French (official) 22.8%, Italian (official) 8%, English 5.7%, Portuguese 3.5%, Albanian 3.3%, Serbo-Croatian 2.3%, Spanish 2.3%, Romansh (official) 0.5%, other 7.9% (2019 estimated)

Religions
Roman Catholic 34.4%, Protestant 22.5%, other Christian 5.7%, Muslim 5.4%, other 1.5%, none 29.4%, unspecified 1.1% (2020 estimated)

Population growth rate
0.75% (2024 estimated)

Switzerland's population, estimated at 8,860,574 in 2024, reflects a rich tapestry of ethnic diversity, with Swiss nationals making up 69.2% of the population. The country is home to various ethnic groups, including Germans, Italians, and Portuguese, among others. This multicultural environment is further enriched by the presence of multiple languages, with German, French, and Italian recognized as official languages, showcasing the country's commitment to linguistic diversity. The religious landscape is equally varied, with a significant proportion of the population identifying as Roman Catholic or Protestant, alongside a growing Muslim community. The population growth rate of 0.75% indicates a stable demographic trend, contributing to the dynamic nature of Swiss society.

Government

Government type
Federal republic (formally a confederation)

Capital
Name: Bern

Executive branch
Chief of state: President of the Swiss Confederation Karin KELLER-SUTTER (since 1 January 2025)
Head of government: President of the Swiss Confederation Karin KELLER-SUTTER (since 1 January 2025)

Diplomatic representation in the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador Ralph HECKNER (since 18 September 2024)

Diplomatic representation from the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Bradford BELL (since January 2025) note - also accredited to Liechtenstein

Switzerland operates as a federal republic, formally recognized as a confederation, which emphasizes the autonomy of its cantons. The capital city, Bern, serves as the political center of the nation. The executive branch is led by the President of the Swiss Confederation, currently Karin KELLER-SUTTER, who has held the position since January 1, 2025. Switzerland's diplomatic relations are characterized by a strong presence in international affairs, with Ambassador Ralph HECKNER representing the country in the United States since September 18, 2024. The U.S. diplomatic mission in Switzerland is currently led by Chargé d’Affaires Bradford BELL, reflecting the ongoing collaboration between the two nations.

Economy

Economic overview
High-income, non-EU European economy; top ten in GDP per capita; renowned banking and financial hub; low unemployment and inflation; slowed GDP growth post-pandemic; highly skilled but aging workforce; key pharmaceutical and precision manufacturing exporter; leader in innovation and competitiveness indices

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$741.035 billion (2024 estimated)
$731.508 billion (2023 estimated)
$726.544 billion (2022 estimated)

Real GDP per capita
$82,000 (2024 estimated)
$82,300 (2023 estimated)
$82,800 (2022 estimated)

Exports
$675.059 billion (2024 estimated)
$654.175 billion (2023 estimated)
$628.737 billion (2022 estimated)

Exports - partners
Germany 14%, China 12%, USA 11%, Italy 5%, Turkey 5% (2023)

Exports - commodities
Gold, packaged medicine, vaccines, nitrogen compounds, base metal watches (2023)

Imports
$582.554 billion (2024 estimated)
$556.351 billion (2023 estimated)
$518.002 billion (2022 estimated)

Imports - partners
Germany 17%, USA 9%, Italy 8%, France 6%, China 5% (2023)

Imports - commodities
Gold, packaged medicine, vaccines, cars, jewelry (2023)

Human Development Index

The country's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.970, ranking it 2nd out of 193 countries tested. (more information)

World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report ranked the country 13th out of 158 countries tested with a score of 6.955. (more information)