Pakistan

World Book Index

Introduction

Pakistan, a nation steeped in history, is home to the remnants of the Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest urban cultures in the world, which flourished over 5,000 years ago. The region has witnessed a tapestry of cultures and empires, culminating in British colonial rule in the 18th century. The partition of British India in 1947, which created Pakistan as a separate Muslim state, has led to enduring tensions with India, particularly over the disputed Kashmir region. This historical backdrop continues to shape Pakistan's national identity and geopolitical landscape, influencing its relationships with neighboring countries and its internal dynamics.

Neighboring countries

Afghanistan - China - India - Iran

Geography

Area
Total: 796,095 sq km
Land: 770,875 sq km
Water: 25,220 sq km

Pakistan's geography is characterized by a diverse landscape that ranges from arid deserts to lush plains and towering mountains. The country is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the south, providing a crucial maritime outlet. The northern regions are dominated by the majestic Himalayas, including K2, the second-highest peak in the world. The climate varies significantly across the country, with hot, dry desert conditions prevailing in most areas, while the northwest experiences a more temperate climate, and the northern regions can be arctic in nature. This geographical diversity not only influences the climate but also plays a critical role in the distribution of natural resources, including arable land and mineral deposits, which are vital for the country's economy.

People and Society

Population
Total: 252,363,571 (2024 estimated)

Ethnic groups
Punjabi 44.7%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.4%, Sindhi 14.1%, Saraiki 8.4%, Muhajirs 7.6%, Baloch 3.6%, other 6.3%

Languages
Punjabi 38.8%, Pashto (alternate name, Pashtu) 18.2%, Sindhi 14.6%, Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) 12.2%, Urdu 7.1%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2.4%, Brahui 1.2%, other 2.4%

Religions
Islam (official) 96.5% (Sunni 85-90%, Shia 10-15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.5% (2020 estimated)

Population growth rate
1.86% (2024 estimated)

Pakistan's population is a vibrant mosaic of ethnicities and cultures, with Punjabis constituting the largest group, followed by Pashtuns and Sindhis. This ethnic diversity is reflected in the multitude of languages spoken across the country, with Punjabi being the most prevalent. The official religion, Islam, plays a central role in the lives of the majority, influencing social norms and cultural practices. The population growth rate of 1.86% indicates a youthful demographic, which presents both opportunities and challenges for the nation in terms of education, employment, and social services. Understanding the dynamics of this diverse society is essential for addressing the socio-economic issues facing Pakistan today.

Government

Government type
Federal parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Islamabad

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Asif Ali ZARDARI (since 10 March 2024)
Head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Shehbaz SHARIF (since 3 March 2024)

Diplomatic representation in the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador Rizwan Saeed SHEIKH (since 18 September 2024)

Diplomatic representation from the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Natalie A. BAKER (since January 2025)

Pakistan operates as a federal parliamentary republic, where the President serves as the head of state and the Prime Minister as the head of government. The capital city, Islamabad, is the political heart of the nation, housing key government institutions. The current leadership, with President Asif Ali ZARDARI and Prime Minister Muhammad Shehbaz SHARIF, reflects a continuity in governance amidst the challenges of political stability and economic reform. The diplomatic landscape is also crucial, with representation in the United States aimed at fostering bilateral relations and addressing mutual concerns, particularly in security and economic cooperation.

Economy

Economic overview
Lower middle-income South Asian economy; extremely high debt; endemic corruption; regional disputes with India and Afghanistan hinder investment; falling inflation, IMF relief programs, and strong agricultural output slowly contributing to economic recovery

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$1.39 trillion (2024 estimated)
$1.346 trillion (2023 estimated)
$1.347 trillion (2022 estimated)

Real GDP per capita
$5,500 (2024 estimated)
$5,400 (2023 estimated)
$5,500 (2022 estimated)

Exports
$40.219 billion (2024 estimated)
$36.215 billion (2023 estimated)
$38.967 billion (2022 estimated)

Exports - partners
USA 14%, UAE 10%, China 9%, Germany 7%, UK 6% (2023)

Exports - commodities
Garments, fabric, refined petroleum, rice, cotton fabric (2023)

Imports
$66.844 billion (2024 estimated)
$58.069 billion (2023 estimated)
$76.594 billion (2022 estimated)

Imports - partners
China 25%, Qatar 11%, UAE 9%, Saudi Arabia 8%, Indonesia 6% (2023)

Imports - commodities
Natural gas, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, palm oil, plastics (2023)

Pakistan's economy is classified as a lower middle-income economy, grappling with significant challenges such as extremely high debt levels and endemic corruption. These issues, compounded by regional disputes with India and Afghanistan, have historically hindered foreign investment and economic growth. However, recent trends indicate a gradual recovery, supported by falling inflation rates and the implementation of International Monetary Fund (IMF) relief programs. The agricultural sector remains a cornerstone of the economy, contributing to exports that include garments, rice, and cotton fabric. In 2024, the real GDP is estimated at $1.39 trillion, with a GDP per capita of $5,500. The trade balance reflects a reliance on imports, particularly from China and Qatar, highlighting the need for structural reforms to enhance economic resilience and sustainability.

Human Development Index

The country's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.544, ranking it 168th out of 193 countries tested. (more information)

World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report ranked the country 115th out of 158 countries tested with a score of 4.556. (more information)