Tanzania

World Book Index

Introduction

Tanzania, a nation rich in cultural diversity and natural beauty, emerged from a complex colonial history. Initially part of German East Africa in the late 19th century, it transitioned to British administration after World War I, known as Tanganyika. The early 1960s marked a significant turning point as Tanganyika gained independence, and in 1964, it united with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanzania. This historical backdrop has shaped its identity, fostering a unique blend of traditions and modern influences that continue to define the nation today.

Neighboring countries

Burundi - Democratic Republic of the Congo - Kenya - Malawi - Mozambique - Rwanda - Uganda - Zambia

Geography

Area
Total: 947,300 sq km
Land: 885,800 sq km
Water: 61,500 sq km

Tanzania's geography is characterized by its vast and varied landscapes, which include coastal regions, highlands, and plateaus. The country is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, providing a tropical climate along the coast, while the interior regions experience a more temperate climate due to the elevation. The diverse topography includes the iconic Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest peak, and the expansive Serengeti plains, renowned for their wildlife. This geographical diversity not only supports a rich array of ecosystems but also plays a crucial role in the country's economic activities, particularly agriculture and tourism.

Natural resources
Hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones (including tanzanite, found only in Tanzania), gold, natural gas, nickel

People and Society

Population
Total: 67,462,121 (2024 estimated)

Tanzania is home to a vibrant and diverse population, predominantly composed of African ethnic groups, with 99% of the mainland population identifying as African. Among these, 95% are Bantu, representing over 130 distinct tribes, each contributing to the rich cultural tapestry of the nation. In Zanzibar, the population reflects a mix of Arab, African, and mixed Arab-African heritage. The official languages, Kiswahili and English, facilitate communication across this diverse society, while numerous local languages enrich the cultural landscape. The religious composition is equally diverse, with Christianity, Islam, and various folk beliefs coexisting, reflecting the historical interactions between different cultures and communities. The population growth rate of 2.72% indicates a youthful demographic, presenting both opportunities and challenges for the country's development.

Government

Government type
Presidential republic

Capital
Name: Dodoma

Tanzania operates as a presidential republic, where the President serves as both the head of state and government. Currently, President Samia Suluhu HASSAN has been in office since March 19, 2021, marking a significant moment in the country's political landscape. The capital city, Dodoma, serves as the administrative center, reflecting a strategic decision to promote development in the interior of the country. Tanzania maintains diplomatic relations with various nations, with the U.S. representation currently led by Ambassador Elsie Sia KANZA since December 1, 2021, while the U.S. has a Chargé d’Affaires, Andrew LENTZ, since January 2025, indicating ongoing engagement in bilateral relations.

Economy

Economic overview
Tanzania's economy is classified as an emerging lower middle-income economy in East Africa, characterized by its rich natural resources and a growing tourism sector. The country has shown resilience with a strong post-pandemic recovery, particularly in the hospitality, electricity, mining, and transit sectors. Efforts to reduce poverty have been evident, alongside stable inflation rates. However, challenges remain, including gender-based violence and disruptions in the labor force, which require ongoing attention to ensure sustainable growth.

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$246.706 billion (2024 estimated)
$233.786 billion (2023 estimated)
$222.506 billion (2022 estimated)

Real GDP per capita
$3,700 (2024 estimated)
$3,600 (2023 estimated)
$3,500 (2022 estimated)

Exports
$13.98 billion (2023 estimated)
$11.986 billion (2022 estimated)
$9.874 billion (2021 estimated)

Exports - partners
India 15%, UAE 14%, Uganda 12%, South Africa 10%, China 6% (2023)

Exports - commodities
Gold, refined petroleum, dried legumes, refined copper, coal (2023)

Imports
$16.059 billion (2023 estimated)
$16.674 billion (2022 estimated)
$11.61 billion (2021 estimated)

Imports - partners
China 32%, India 13%, UAE 9%, Saudi Arabia 5%, Japan 4% (2023)

Imports - commodities
Refined petroleum, plastics, garments, fertilizers, wheat (2023)

Human Development Index

The country's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.555, ranking it 165th out of 193 countries tested. (more information)

World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report ranked the country 139th out of 158 countries tested with a score of 3.861. (more information)