Zambia

World Book Index

Introduction

Zambia, a landlocked country in Southern Africa, boasts a rich tapestry of history shaped by the migration of Bantu-speaking groups over the last millennium. The late 19th century marked a significant turning point as British colonial interests began to dominate the region, leading to the establishment of Northern Rhodesia. Following a struggle for independence, Zambia emerged as a sovereign nation in 1964, embracing its new identity and potential. Today, Zambia is recognized not only for its natural beauty and wildlife but also for its cultural diversity and resilience in the face of economic challenges.

Neighboring countries

Angola - Botswana - Democratic Republic of the Congo - Malawi - Mozambique - Namibia - Tanzania - Zimbabwe

Geography

Area
Total: 752,618 sq km
Land: 743,398 sq km
Water: 9,220 sq km

Zambia is characterized by its vast and varied landscape, which includes plateaus, valleys, and numerous rivers. The country is predominantly situated on a high plateau, with an average elevation of about 1,200 meters above sea level. This topography contributes to its tropical climate, which is modified by altitude, resulting in cooler temperatures in the higher regions. The rainy season, which spans from October to April, brings significant precipitation, nourishing the diverse ecosystems that thrive within its borders. Zambia is also endowed with rich natural resources, including copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, and hydropower, making it a vital player in the region's economy.

People and Society

Population
Total: 20,799,116 (2024 estimated)

Zambia's population is a vibrant mosaic of ethnic groups, with the Bemba (21%), Tonga (13.6%), and Chewa (7.4%) being the most prominent. This ethnic diversity is a source of cultural richness, contributing to a variety of languages and traditions. The official language is English, but several indigenous languages are widely spoken, reflecting the country's multicultural fabric. The population growth rate of 2.83% (2024 estimated) indicates a youthful demographic, which presents both opportunities and challenges for the nation. The predominant religions are Protestant (75.3%) and Roman Catholic (20.2%), with a small percentage practicing other faiths. This religious landscape plays a significant role in shaping social values and community life across the country.

Government

Government type
Presidential republic

Capital
Name: Lusaka

Zambia operates as a presidential republic, where the President serves as both the head of state and government. Currently, President Hakainde HICHILEMA has been in office since 24 August 2021, leading the nation through a period of political and economic reform. The capital city, Lusaka, serves as the political and administrative hub of the country. Zambia maintains diplomatic relations with various countries, including the United States, represented by Ambassador Chibamba KANYAMA since 30 June 2023. The governance structure emphasizes democratic principles, although challenges such as corruption and political instability persist.

Economy

Economic overview
Zambia's economy is classified as a lower-middle-income sub-Saharan economy, with a significant reliance on copper mining and hydroelectricity production. The country has established trade ties and infrastructure investments, particularly with China, which plays a crucial role in its economic landscape. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has been involved in assisting Zambia to restructure its debt burden, highlighting the ongoing economic challenges. Despite these hurdles, Zambia boasts one of the youngest and fastest-growing labor forces in the region, presenting potential for future growth. However, systemic corruption and extreme rural poverty remain significant obstacles to sustainable development.

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$79.207 billion (2024 estimated)
$76.129 billion (2023 estimated)
$72.251 billion (2022 estimated)

Real GDP per capita
$3,700 (2024 estimated)
$3,700 (2023 estimated)
$3,600 (2022 estimated)

Exports
$11.454 billion (2023 estimated)
$12.444 billion (2022 estimated)
$11.728 billion (2021 estimated)

Exports - partners
Switzerland 27%, China 15%, India 13%, UAE 12%, DRC 10% (2023)

Exports - commodities
Raw copper, refined copper, gold, precious stones, electricity (2023)

Imports
$10.854 billion (2023 estimated)
$10.022 billion (2022 estimated)
$7.691 billion (2021 estimated)

Imports - partners
South Africa 25%, China 15%, UAE 10%, India 5%, Japan 5% (2023)

Imports - commodities
Refined petroleum, fertilizers, trucks, sulphur, tractors (2023)

Human Development Index

The country's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.595, ranking it 154th out of 193 countries tested. (more information)

World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report ranked the country 151st out of 158 countries tested with a score of 3.421. (more information)