Brazil

World Book Index

Introduction

Brazil, a nation rich in cultural diversity and natural beauty, emerged from over three centuries of Portuguese colonial rule to establish itself as an independent republic in 1822. As the largest and most populous country in South America, it boasts a vibrant tapestry of ethnicities, languages, and traditions. The nation has experienced significant political transformations, transitioning from a period of military governance to a democratic system in 1985. This journey reflects Brazil's resilience and adaptability in the face of historical challenges, positioning it as a key player on the global stage.

Neighboring countries

Argentina - Bolivia - Colombia - Guyana - Paraguay - Peru - Suriname - Uruguay - Venezuela

Geography

Area
Total: 8,515,770 sq km
Land: 8,358,140 sq km
Water: 157,630 sq km

Brazil's geography is characterized by its vast expanse, making it the fifth-largest country in the world. The nation features a diverse landscape that includes the Amazon Rainforest, which is the largest tropical rainforest on the planet, as well as extensive river systems, including the Amazon River, one of the longest rivers in the world. The climate varies from tropical in the north to temperate in the south, contributing to a rich biodiversity and a variety of ecosystems. Brazil is endowed with abundant natural resources, including minerals and agricultural land, which play a crucial role in its economy and environmental sustainability.

People and Society

Population
Total: 220,051,512 (2024 estimated)

Ethnic groups
Mixed 45.3%, White 43.5%, Black 10.2%, Indigenous 0.6%, Asian 0.4% (2022 estimated)

Languages
Portuguese (official and most widely spoken language); less common languages include Spanish (border areas and schools), German, Italian, Japanese, English, and many minor Amerindian languages

Religions
Roman Catholic 56.8%, Evangelical 26.9%, none 9.3%, other 4%, Spiritism (Espírita) 1.8%, unspecified 1.4%, Umbanda and Candomblé 1.1%, Indigenous religions 0.06%, undeclared 0.2% (2022)

Population growth rate
0.61% (2024 estimated)

Brazil's population is a reflection of its complex history and cultural amalgamation. With a total estimated population of over 220 million, the country is a melting pot of ethnicities, where mixed heritage constitutes the largest demographic group. The linguistic landscape is predominantly Portuguese, but the presence of various minority languages highlights the nation's multicultural fabric. The religious composition is equally diverse, with a significant proportion of the population identifying as Roman Catholic, followed by a growing number of Evangelicals. Despite challenges such as income inequality and access to education, Brazil's society is marked by a vibrant cultural scene and a strong sense of community.

Government

Government type
Federal presidential republic

Capital
Name: Brasília

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Luiz Inácio LULA da Silva (since 1 January 2023)
Head of government: President Luiz Inácio LULA da Silva (since 1 January 2023)

Diplomatic representation in the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador Maria Luiza Ribeiro VIOTTI (since 30 June 2023)

Diplomatic representation from the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Gabriel ESCOBAR (since 21 January 2025)

Brazil operates as a federal presidential republic, where the President serves as both the head of state and government. The capital, Brasília, is a symbol of modernist architecture and urban planning, reflecting the country's aspirations for progress. The current administration, led by President Luiz Inácio LULA da Silva, emphasizes social inclusion and economic development. Brazil's diplomatic relations, particularly with the United States, are pivotal, as they influence trade, security, and cultural exchanges, underscoring Brazil's role as a regional leader in South America.

Economy

Economic overview
Upper-middle-income, largest Latin American economy; Mercosur, BRICS, G20 member and OECD accession candidate; growth driven by strong domestic consumption; monetary tightening helping curb inflation rate; high inequality in income and access to health and education

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$4.165 trillion (2024 estimated)
$4.029 trillion (2023 estimated)
$3.902 trillion (2022 estimated)

Real GDP per capita
$19,600 (2024 estimated)
$19,100 (2023 estimated)
$18,600 (2022 estimated)

Exports
$388.333 billion (2024 estimated)
$389.192 billion (2023 estimated)
$380.492 billion (2022 estimated)

Exports - partners
China 30%, USA 10%, Argentina 5%, Netherlands 3%, Chile 2% (2023)

Exports - commodities
Soybeans, crude petroleum, iron ore, raw sugar, corn (2023)

Imports
$377.05 billion (2024 estimated)
$340.195 billion (2023 estimated)
$369.861 billion (2022 estimated)

Imports - partners
China 23%, USA 16%, Germany 5%, Argentina 5%, Russia 4% (2023)

Imports - commodities
Refined petroleum, fertilizers, crude petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, gas turbines (2023)

Human Development Index

The country's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.786, ranking it 84th out of 193 countries tested. (more information)

World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report ranked the country 62nd out of 158 countries tested with a score of 5.975. (more information)