Qatar

World Book Index

Introduction

Qatar, a nation that has undergone remarkable transformation over the past several decades, was once a modest British protectorate primarily known for its pearling industry. Today, it stands as a sovereign state, characterized by substantial oil and natural gas revenues that have fueled its rapid development. Since the mid-1800s, the Al Thani family has ruled the country, but it was the leadership transition in 1995 that catalyzed a series of significant political and media reforms. This period marked the beginning of unprecedented economic investments and a burgeoning role for Qatar as a regional leader, positioning it as a key player on the global stage.

Neighboring countries

Bahrain - Iran - Saudi Arabia - United Arab Emirates

Geography

Area
Total: 11,586 sq km
Land: 11,586 sq km
Water: 0 sq km

Qatar is situated on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, bordered by the Persian Gulf. The country's geography is predominantly flat and arid, with a desert landscape that is punctuated by a few low hills. The climate is characterized by extremely hot summers and mild winters, making it essential for the population to adapt to the harsh environmental conditions. The lack of significant freshwater resources has led to a reliance on desalination for water supply. Qatar's natural resources are primarily centered around its vast petroleum and natural gas reserves, which play a crucial role in its economy and development.

People and Society

Population
Total: 2,552,088 (2024 estimated)

Ethnic groups
Non-Qatari 88.4%, Qatari 11.6% (2015 estimated)

Languages
Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language

Religions
Muslim 65.2%, Christian 13.7%, Hindu 15.9%, Buddhist 3.8%, folk religion <0.1%, Jewish <0.1%, other <1%, unaffiliated <1% (2020 estimated)

Population growth rate
0.71% (2024 estimated)

Qatar's population is characterized by a significant expatriate community, with non-Qataris making up approximately 88.4% of the total population. This demographic composition reflects the country's labor market demands and economic opportunities, attracting a diverse range of nationalities. The official language is Arabic, while English is widely spoken, facilitating communication in the multicultural society. The predominant religion is Islam, with a notable presence of other faiths, including Christianity and Hinduism. The population growth rate, although modest at 0.71%, indicates a steady influx of foreign workers and families seeking to reside in Qatar, contributing to its dynamic social fabric.

Government

Government type
Absolute monarchy

Capital
Name: Doha

Executive branch
Chief of state: Amir TAMIM bin Hamad Al Thani (since 25 June 2013)
Head of government: Prime Minister and Foreign Minister MUHAMMAD bin Abd al-Rahman Al Thani (since 7 March 2023)

Diplomatic representation in the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador Meshal bin Hamad AL THANI (since 24 April 2017)

Diplomatic representation from the US
Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Stefanie ALTMAN-WINANS (since June 2025)

Qatar operates under an absolute monarchy, where the Amir holds significant power over the state. The capital city, Doha, serves as the political and economic hub of the country. The current Amir, TAMIM bin Hamad Al Thani, has been in power since 2013 and has initiated various reforms aimed at modernizing the governance structure. The Prime Minister, MUHAMMAD bin Abd al-Rahman Al Thani, appointed in 2023, plays a crucial role in managing the government’s day-to-day operations and foreign relations. Qatar maintains diplomatic relations with numerous countries, including the United States, where it is represented by Ambassador Meshal bin Hamad AL THANI.

Economy

Economic overview
Qatar boasts a high-income, oil-and-gas-based economy that has been strategically implementing the “National Vision 2030” government strategy. This initiative aims to foster economic development, diversification, and create favorable business conditions to enhance investment and employment opportunities. The expansion of the liquefied natural gas (LNG) sector is anticipated to significantly boost economic growth in the coming years, reinforcing Qatar's position as a leader in Islamic finance.

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$317.064 billion (2024 estimated)
$308.522 billion (2023 estimated)
$304.903 billion (2022 estimated)

Real GDP per capita
$110,900 (2024 estimated)
$116,200 (2023 estimated)
$114,700 (2022 estimated)

Exports
$125.216 billion (2024 estimated)
$128.709 billion (2023 estimated)
$161.693 billion (2022 estimated)

Exports - partners
China 18%, India 11%, S. Korea 10%, Japan 7%, Pakistan 6% (2023)

Exports - commodities
Natural gas, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, plastics, fertilizers (2023)

Imports
$69.692 billion (2024 estimated)
$72.174 billion (2023 estimated)
$74.52 billion (2022 estimated)

Imports - partners
USA 12%, China 12%, UAE 9%, UK 7%, India 5% (2023)

Imports - commodities
Gas turbines, cars, aircraft, iron pipes, ships (2023)

Qatar's economy is characterized by its substantial reliance on hydrocarbon resources, which account for a significant portion of its GDP and export revenues. The real GDP, estimated at $317.064 billion in 2024, reflects a robust economic framework supported by the energy sector. The GDP per capita, one of the highest globally at $110,900, underscores the wealth generated by the oil and gas industry. Exports are primarily driven by natural gas and petroleum products, with China, India, and South Korea being key trading partners. On the import side, Qatar sources a variety of goods, including machinery and vehicles, from countries like the USA and China, indicating a diverse economic interaction on the global stage.

Human Development Index

The country's Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.886, ranking it 43rd out of 193 countries tested. (more information)

World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report ranked the country 38th out of 158 countries tested with a score of 6.374. (more information)